A crop grown to sell on the world market rather than local consumption is called what?

Farming which meets the bones needs of the farmer and family

Subsistence farmers selling their produce

Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families on smallholdings.^[1] Subsistence agriculturalists target farm output for survival and for mostly local requirements, with trivial or no surplus. Planting decisions occur principally with an centre toward what the family volition need during the coming year, and only secondarily toward market prices.^[1] Tony Waters, a professor of sociology, defines "subsistence peasants" as "people who grow what they swallow, build their own houses, and live without regularly making purchases in the marketplace."^{[2] : 2}

Despite the self-sufficiency in subsistence farming, today^[update] virtually subsistence farmers also participate in trade to some caste. Although their amount of merchandise as measured in cash is less than that of consumers in countries with modern complex markets, they use these markets mainly to obtain goods non to support income for nutrient. This is normally for goods that are not necessary for survival, which may include carbohydrate, iron roofing-sheets, bicycles, used clothing, and and so along. Many have important trade contacts and trade items that they can produce because of their special skills or special access to resources valued in the marketplace.^[three]

Almost subsistence farmers today operate in developing countries.^[iii] Subsistence agronomics generally features: small-scale capital/finance requirements, mixed cropping, limited use of agrochemicals (e.g. pesticides and fertilizer), unimproved varieties of crops and animals, trivial or no surplus yield for auction, utilise of rough/traditional tools (due east.g. hoes, machetes, and cutlasses), mainly the product of nutrient crops, modest scattered plots of country, reliance on unskilled labor (often family unit members), and (generally) low yields.

History [edit]

Subsistence agriculture was the dominant fashion of production in the globe until recently, when market place-based commercialism became widespread.^[iv]

Subsistence agriculture largely disappeared in Europe by the showtime of the twentieth century. Information technology began to decrease in North America with the motility of sharecroppers and tenant farmers out of the American South and Midwest during the 1930s and 1940s.^{[two] [ page needed ]} In Central and Eastern Europe, semi-subsistence agriculture reappeared within the transition economy after 1990 but declined in significance (or disappeared) in most countries by the accession to the EU in 2004 or 2007.^[5]

Areas where subsistence farming is largely practiced today, such as India and other regions in Asia, accept seen a recent decline in the practice. This is due to processes such as urbanization, transformation of land in rural areas, and integration of capitalist forms of farming.^[six]

Contemporary practices [edit]

Subsistence farming continues today in large parts of rural Africa,^[vii] and parts of Asia and Latin America. In 2015, nearly 2 billion people (slightly more than 25% of the world'southward population) in 500 meg households living in rural areas of developing nations survive as "smallholder" farmers, working less than 2 hectares (five acres) of land.^[8] Around 98% of Cathay'southward farmers work on pocket-sized farms, and China accounts for effectually half of the full world farms.^[8] In Bharat, 80% of the total farmers are smallholder farmers; Ethiopia and Asia have nigh 90% being small; while Mexico and Brazil recorded having 50% and 20% being small.^[viii]

Types of subsistence farming [edit]

Shifting agriculture [edit]

In this type of farming, a patch of woods land is cleared past a combination of felling (chopping down) and burning, and crops are grown. After two–3 years the fertility of the soil begins to decline, the country is abandoned and the farmer moves to clear a fresh piece of land elsewhere in the forest as the process continues.^[ix] While the land is left fallow the forest regrows in the cleared area and soil fertility and biomass is restored. After a decade or more, the farmer may render to the outset piece of land. This form of agriculture is sustainable at low population densities, but higher population loads require more frequent clearing which prevents soil fertility from recovering, opens up more of the forest canopy, and encourages scrub at the expense of large copse, eventually resulting in deforestation and soil erosion.^[10] Shifting cultivation is called dredd in India, ladang in Indonesia, milpa in Key America and United mexican states and jhumming in North East India.

Primitive farming [edit]

While this "slash-and-burn down" technique may describe the method for opening new country, commonly the farmers in question have in being at the same time smaller fields, sometimes merely gardens, nearly the homestead at that place they do intensive "non-shifting" techniques until shortage of fields where they can employ "slash and burn" to clear land and (by the called-for) provide fertilizer (ash). Such gardens nearly the homestead oftentimes regularly receive household turn down, and the manure of whatsoever household, chickens or goats are initially thrown into compost piles but to get them out of the style. Nevertheless, such farmers oftentimes recognize the value of such compost and apply it regularly to their smaller fields. They also may gargle part of such fields if they are near a source of water. ^{[ commendation needed ]}

In some areas of tropical Africa, at to the lowest degree, such smaller fields may exist ones in which crops are grown on raised beds. Thus farmers practicing "slash and fire" agriculture are often much more sophisticated agriculturalists than the term "slash and fire" subsistence farmers suggests. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Nomadic herding [edit]

In this type of farming people migrate along with their animals from ane place to some other in search of fodder for their animals. Generally they rear cattle, sheep, goats, camels and/or yaks for milk, skin, meat and wool.^[11] This way of life is mutual in parts of cardinal and western asia, Bharat, east and southwest Africa and northern Eurasia. Examples are the nomadic Bhotiyas and Gujjars of the Himalayas. They acquit their property, such as tents, etc., on the backs of donkeys, horses, and camels.^[12] In mountainous regions, similar Tibet and the Andes, yak and llama are reared. Reindeer are the livestock in arctic and sub-arctic areas. Sheep, goats, and camels are mutual animals, and cattle and horses are as well important.^{[eleven] [13]}

Intensive subsistence farming [edit]

In intensive subsistence agronomics, the farmer cultivates a small plot of state using elementary tools and more labour.^[xiv] Climate with large number of days with sunshine and fertile soils, permits growing of more than one ingather annually on the same plot. Farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for commutation against other goods. It results in much more than food beingness produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. In the near intensive state of affairs, farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies. Such fields are plant in densely populated parts of Asia, such every bit in the Philippines. They may besides intensify by using manure, artificial irrigation and animal waste as fertilizer. Intensive subsistence farming is prevalent in the thickly populated areas of the monsoon regions of south, southwest, and southeast Asia.^[14]

Poverty alleviation [edit]

Subsistence agriculture can be used every bit a poverty alleviation strategy, specifically as a prophylactic cyberspace for food-price shocks and for nutrient security. Poor countries are limited in fiscal and institutional resources that would allow them to contain rises in domestic prices as well every bit to manage social aid programs, which is often because they are using policy tools that are intended for middle- and loftier-income countries.^[xv] Low-income countries tend to have populations in which 80% of poor are in rural areas and more than 90% of rural households have access to country, however a majority of these rural poor have insufficient access to food.^[xv] Subsistence agriculture can be used in low-income countries as a function of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term, and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries.^[15]

See also [edit]

• Back-to-the-country movement
• Greenbacks crop
• Commercial agriculture
• Extensive agriculture
• Hoe-farming
• Industrial agriculture
• Opium replacement
• Subsistence economic system
• Subsistence line-fishing
• Urban agriculture
• Resource allotment (gardening)
• Permaculture
• Smallholding

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Bisht, I. S.; Pandravada, Due south. R.; Rana, J. C.; Malik, S. K.; Singh, Archna; Singh, P. B.; Ahmed, Firoz; Bansal, K. C. (2014-09-14). "Subsistence Farming, Agrobiodiversity, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Example Study". Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 38 (8): 890–912. doi:ten.1080/21683565.2014.901273. ISSN 2168-3565. S2CID 154197444.
2. ^ ^{a b} Waters, Tony (2008). The persistence of subsistence agronomics : life below the level of the marketplace. Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-5876-0. OCLC 839303290.
3. ^ ^{a b} Miracle, Marvin P. (1968). "Subsistence Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 50 (2): 292–310. doi:10.2307/1237543. JSTOR 1237543.
4. ^ George Reisman. "Capitalism" (1990), p.16
5. ^ Steffen Abele and Klaus Frohberg (Eds.). "Subsistence Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe: How to Break the Brutal Circle?" Studies on the Agronomical and Food Sector in Central and Eastern Europe. IAMO, 2003. Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ Majumdar, Koustab (2020-04-09). "Rural Transformation in Bharat: Deagrarianization and the Transition from a Farming to Not-farming Economy". Journal of Developing Societies. 36 (two): 182–205. doi:10.1177/0169796x20912631. ISSN 0169-796X.
7. ^ Goran Hyden. Across Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Printing. 1980.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Rapsomanikis, George (2015). "The economical lives of smallholder farmers" (PDF). Nutrient and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2018-01-xi . Almost two-thirds of the developing world'south iii billion rural people alive in about 475 1000000 modest farm households, working on land plots smaller than 2 hectares.
9. ^ "Customs Forestry: Forestry Notation 8". www.fao.org . Retrieved 2020-05-30 .
10. ^ "Soil Erosion from Shifting Cultivation and Other Smallholder State Use in Sarawak, Malaysia". Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment. iv (42).
11. ^ ^{a b} Miggelbrink, Judith. (2016). Nomadic and ethnic spaces : productions and cognitions. Routledge. ISBN978-ane-315-59843-7. OCLC 953047010.
12. ^ Hymer, Stephen (Leap 2018). "Economical Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana". Economical History Association. thirty (1): 33–fifty. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078578. hdl:10419/160011. JSTOR 2116722.
13. ^ Miggelbrink, Judith, editor. Habeck, Joachim Otto, editor. Mazzullo, Nuccio, editor. Koch, Peter, editor. (fifteen November 2016). Nomadic and indigenous spaces : productions and cognitions. ISBN978-i-138-26721-3. OCLC 1010537015. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
14. ^ ^{a b} Vaughn, Sharon; Wanzek, Jeanne (May 2014). "Intensive Interventions in Reading for Students with Reading Disabilities: Meaningful Impacts". Learning Disabilities Research & Practice. 29 (2): 46–53. doi:10.1111/ldrp.12031. ISSN 0938-8982. PMC4043370. PMID 24910504.
15. ^ ^{a b c} de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth (2011-06-01). "Subsistence farming as a safe internet for nutrient-price shocks". Development in Practice. 21 (iv–v): 472–480. doi:x.1080/09614524.2011.561292. ISSN 0961-4524. S2CID 13891983.

Further reading [edit]

• Charles Sellers (1991). The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Sir Albert Howard (1943). An Agricultural Attestation. Oxford University Press.
• Tony Waters (2010). "Farmer Power: The continuing confrontation between subsistence farmers and development bureaucrats"/
• Marvin P Miracle (May 1968). "Subsistence Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Culling Concepts", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, pp. 292–310.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture

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